Detection and Evaluation for High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Based on a Three-Dimensional Motion Capture System: A Feasibility Study.

High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and training are important for successful revival during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, existing training faces challenges in quantifying each aspect. This study aimed to explore the possibility of using a three-dimensional motion capture system to accurately and effectively assess CPR operations, particularly about the non-quantified arm postures, and analyze the relationship among them to guide students to improve their performance. We used a motion capture system (Mars series, Nokov, China) to collect compression data about five cycles, recording dynamic data of each marker point in three-dimensional space following time and calculating depth and arm angles. Most unstably deviated to some extent from the standard, especially for the untrained students. Five data sets for each parameter per individual all revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The correlation between Angle 1' and Angle 2' for trained (rs = 0.203, p < 0.05) and untrained students (rs = -0.581, p < 0.01) showed a difference. Their performance still needed improvement. When conducting assessments, we should focus on not only the overall performance but also each compression. This study provides a new perspective for quantifying compression parameters, and future efforts should continue to incorporate new parameters and analyze the relationship among them.

Artificial switches induce the bespoke production of functional compounds in marine microalgae Chlorella by neutralizing CO2.

To improve the CO2 tolerance of a marine microalga Chlorella sp. of which the production capacity has been demonstrated industrially, a mutant library was created and a strain hct53 was screened. Compared to the parental strain, hct53 shows a high CO2 capture capacity, while starch biosynthesis is compromised, with increases in health beneficial metabolites and antioxidant capacity. Global gene expression and genome-wide mutation distribution revealed that transcript choreography was concomitant with more active CO2 sequestration, an increase in the lipid synthesis, and a decrease in the starch and protein synthesis. These results suggest that artificial trait improvement via mutagenesis, couple with multiomics analysis, helps discover genetic switches that induce the bespoke conversion of carbon flow from "redundant metabolites" to valuable ones for functional food.

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Single-Atom Pt Doped in Ni Matrix under Strong Alkaline Condition.

Pt catalyst has been considered as the state-of-the-art catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acid condition. However, its catalytic kinetics under alkaline conditions is not well-understood. Herein, we report a Ni-Pt(SAs) (SAs = single atoms) catalyst with Pt atomically dispersed in a Ni matrix, and it possesses an impressive HER performance with an overpotential as low as 210 mV at 500 mA cm-2 in strong alkaline electrolyte (7 M KOH), which is much higher than Pt nanoparticle-modified Ni catalyst (Ni-Pt(NPs)). Kinetics analysis reveals that Pt doping in the Ni matrix can accelerate the Volmer step on the Ni-Pt surface. Moreover, Ni-Pt(SAs) displays a more favorable kinetics for H2 formation reaction at high current density than Ni-Pt(NPs). Theoretical calculations reveal that atomically dispersed Pt weakens the adsorption of both H and OH on the surface of Ni-Pt electrode and promotes H2 formation from surface H on Ni-Pt(SAs).

Effects of habit formation interventions on physical activity habit strength: meta-analysis and meta-regression.

BACKGROUND: Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity (PA) behavior through habit formation pathways are gaining popularity, as they differ from conventional interventions that rely on intention pathways. Past research has established a positive correlation between PA habits and behavior. However, the efficacy of current interventions designed to form PA habits and improve PA automaticity is not yet fully ascertained. Additionally, the intervention components that significantly impact the effectiveness of these interventions are yet to be determined. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We conducted a search of three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) from January 2000 to December 2022, with a focus on interventions for developing PA habits. Two independent authors conducted paper selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and coding of behavior change techniques (BCTs). The effect size of interventions was calculated using standardized mean difference. Subgroup analyses were carried out based on follow-up duration, delivery method, sample characteristics, and theory. Furthermore, we employed meta-regression to investigate the association between BCTs and PA habits. RESULTS: Ten eligible studies with relatively high quality were included in the final data set. Characteristics of studies varied in intervention sample and delivery way. The habit formation interventions significantly increased PA habit (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI 0.14-0.48, P < .001) compared to the control groups. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the duration of follow-up ≤ 12 weeks have a higher effect size on PA habit than the duration > 12 weeks. Meta-regression revealed that problem solving has a significant positive association with effectiveness improvement (ß = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.55), while social reward is linked with a reduction in effectiveness (ß = -0.40, 95% CI -0.74-0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that habit formation interventions are effective in fostering PA habit. Future studies could leverage the insights form this study to optimize the intervention design and achieve better effectiveness.

Engineering a marine microalga Chlorella sp. as the cell factory.

The use of marine microalgae in industrial systems is attractive for converting CO2 into value-added products using saline water and sunlight. The plant nature and demonstrated industrial potential facilitate Chlorella spp. as excellent model organisms for both basic research and commercial application. However, the transformation method has not been developed in marine Chlorella spp., thus genetic engineering is hindered in exploiting the industrial potentialities of these strains. In this study, we provided a transformation protocol for the marine Chlorella strain MEM25, which showed robust characteristics, including high production of proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids in multiple cultivation systems over various spatial-temporal scales. We showed that transformants could be obtained in a dramatically time-saving manner (comparable to Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with four functional proteins expressed properly. The transgenes are integrated into the genome and can be successfully inherited for more than two years. The development of a marine Chlorella transformation method, in combination with the complete genome, will greatly facilitate more comprehensive mechanism studies and provide possibilities to use this species as chassis for synthetic biology to produce value-added compounds with mutual advantage in neutralization of CO2 in commercial scales.

Identifying and Removing the Interfacial States in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Schottky Si Photoanodes for the Highest Fill Factor.

A critical bottleneck for realizing an efficient Schottky type Si photoelectrode is minimizing the charge extraction losses across the heterointerface via reducing the unfavorite defects. This requires a clear microscopic insight into the correlation between interfacial features and photoconversion. Herein, by taking the n-Si/oxide (MOx)/Ni as the prototype, the heterointerface with the different characteristics and its effects on charge transportation and the corresponding photoelectric/photoelectrochemical (PEC) behaviors were clarified. An ultra-thin AlOx layer can effectively diminish the interfacial pinning of n-Si/Ni and significantly facilitate the photoconversion; meanwhile, it results in some unexpected donor-like deep defects at around 0.59 eV below the conduction band of n-Si, which could be ionized under a reverse bias and cause about 10% photogenerated charge recombination. Fortunately, these deep defects can be further eliminated by cooperating AlOx with a thin Au layer. The AlOx/Au dual-interlayer can remove almost all unexpected defects and maximize the efficiency of the electric field for charge extraction from semiconductor Si for the surface catalytic reaction. Eventually, the n-Si/SiOx/AlOx/Au/Ni/NiFeOx photoanode exhibited a record fill factor of 0.75 for the corresponding photoelectric device and an applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 3.71% for PEC water oxidation. This study provides definite insights into interfacial electronic states and elaborates their crucial role in solar photoelectric conversion.

Widespread Sterol Methyltransferase Participates in the Biosynthesis of Both C4α- and C4ß-Methyl Sterols.

The 4-methyl steranes serve as molecular fossils and are used for studying both eukaryotic evolution and geological history. The occurrence of 4α-methyl steranes in sediments has long been considered evidence of products of partial demethylation mediated by sterol methyl oxidases (SMOs), while 4ß-methyl steranes are attributed entirely to diagenetic generation from 4α-methyl steroids since possible biological sources of their precursor 4ß-methyl sterols are unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown C4-methyl sterol biosynthetic pathway involving a sterol methyltransferase rather than the SMOs. We show that both C4α- and C4ß-methyl sterols are end products of the sterol biosynthetic pathway in an endosymbiont of reef corals, Breviolum minutum, while this mechanism exists not only in dinoflagellates but also in eukaryotes from alveolates, haptophytes, and aschelminthes. Our discovery provides a previously untapped route for the generation of C4-methyl steranes and overturns the paradigm that all 4ß-methyl steranes are diagenetically generated from the 4α isomers. This may facilitate the interpretation of molecular fossils and understanding of the evolution of eukaryotic life in general.

Boosting Electrochemical Water Oxidation on NiFe (oxy) Hydroxides by Constructing Schottky Junction toward Water Electrolysis under Industrial Conditions.

The practical deployment of promising NiFe-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is heavily limited due to the constrain in both stability and activity under industrial conditions. Herein, a 3D free-standing NiFe(oxy)hydroxide-based electrode with Schottky junction is constructed, in which NiFe(oxy)hydroxide (NiFe(OH)x ) nanosheets are chemically assembled on the top of metal-like Ni3 S2 scaffold that are in situ formed on commercial Ni mesh. Such an assembly enhances the binding strength of each components, promotes the charge transfer across the interfaces, and modulates the electronic and nanostructural features of NiFe(OH)x . Consequently, the electrode delivers current densities of as high as 500 and 1000 mA cm-2 for OER at overpotentials of only 248 and 270 mV with long-term stability in 1 m KOH. When it was paired with a NiMo hydrogen evolution cathode in a practical two-electrode system, a current density of 1000 mA cm-2 is achieved at a low cell voltage of ≈1.61 V at 80 °C in 30% KOH without losing performance for at least 1500 h. This is the best performance reported thus far for alkaline water electrolysis under industrial conditions, demonstrating its great potential for practical applications.

Water Oxidation Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis.

Water oxidation is the primary reaction of both natural and artificial photosynthesis. Developing active and robust water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is the key to constructing efficient artificial photosynthesis systems, but it is still facing enormous challenges in both fundamental and applied aspects. Here, the recent developments in molecular catalysts and heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts are reviewed with special emphasis on biomimetic catalysts and the integration of WOCs into artificial photosystems. The highly efficient artificial photosynthesis depends largely on active WOCs integrated into light harvesting materials via rational interface engineering based on in-depth understanding of charge dynamics and the reaction mechanism.

A Pt-Co3O4-CD electrocatalyst with enhanced electrocatalytic performance and resistance to CO poisoning achieved by carbon dots and Co3O4 for direct methanol fuel cells.

Highly efficient electrocatalysts remain huge challenges in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Here, a Pt-Co3O4-CDs/C composite was fabricated as an anode electrocatalyst with low Pt content (12 wt%) by using carbon dots (CDs) and Co3O4 nanoparticles as building blocks. The Pt-Co3O4-CDs/C composite catalyst shows a significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity (1393.3 mA mg-1 Pt), durability (over 4000 s) and CO-poisoning tolerance. The superior catalytic activity should be attributed to the synergistic effect of CDs, Pt and Co3O4. Furthermore, the Pt-Co3O4-CDs/C catalyst was integrated into a single cell, which exhibits a maximum power density of 45.6 mW cm-2, 1.7 times the cell based on the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst.